Renowned Turkish and American Academicians Act for
the Arrested Turkish Researcher in Armenia
(Istanbul, 1 August 2005) An open letter with more than 200 signatories is sent to President Kocharian expressing concerns over the prolonged detention of Yektan Turkyilmaz, a Turkish citizen and a Ph.D. candidate at Duke University, and the possible consequences of his trial.
Yektan Turkyilmaz, was pulled out of the plane and detained at the Yerevan Airport on June 17 with charges of violating the national customs law. Turkyilmaz, the first Turkish scholar to work in the Armenian National Archives, was leaving Yerevan after his fourth research trip to Armenia and was scheduled to do more research in Istanbul and Paris before going back to Duke University as a fellow of the John Hope Franklin Institute for 2005-2006.
He is currently being held under high security conditions at the National Security Service building in Yerevan, without having access to the telephone, or being able to write or receive letters.
During his visit to Armenia, Turkyilmaz legally purchased about 100 books, which range from the 17th to the 20th century, from second-hand sellers in Yerevan and apparently was unaware that according to the Armenian customs regulations he had to ‘declare’ books older than 50 years at customs.
Yektan Turkyilmaz is being charged with Article 215, paragraph 2 of the Armenian Criminal Code, which treats weapons of mass destruction and cultural values, including books, in the same category. The law places no obligation on the sellers of old books to inform the purchasers that special permissions will be needed to take the books out of the country, and makes no distinction between violations involving nuclear weapons and books. It is suggested that this is the first time this particular article in the Armenian Criminal Code has ever been applied to a person carrying books.
After Turkyilmaz’s arrest, a committee has been established by prominent writers and academicians of Turkey to follow the case. The Committee for Solidarity with Yektan Turkyilmaz opened a letter for signatures which is addressed to the Armenian President Mr. Kocharian. In twenty-four hours, 100 Turkish, Armenian, American, and other international scholars undersigned the letter which was sent to the President on Friday. An updated list with more more than 200 signatures was sent today.
The Committee for Solidarity with Yektan Turkyilmaz write, “The political implications of this arrest cause grave concern. Yektan Turkyilmaz is one of a very few Turkish scholars who have critically tackled the events of 1915 and other instances of political violence in the first part of this century. The fact that he was arrested soon after he gained access as the first Turkish scholar to the Armenian National Archives adds to these concerns. The fragile space of dialogue that has recently been opened up between Turkish and Armenian scholars is put to the risk of being greatly damaged by Turkyilmaz’s prolonged detention. This arrest would also raise serious doubts as to whether Armenia encourages independent scholarly research on its history.”
The first hearing of Turkyilmaz will be held before August 15, 2005.
Background Information
Yektan Turkyilmaz did research in the Armenian National Archives in May and June 2005 for his dissertation titled “Imagining ‘Turkey,’ Creating a Nation: the Politics of Geography and
State Formation in Eastern Anatolia, 1908-1938.” He is the first Turkish citizen who had been granted access to the Armenian National Archives.
Turkyilmaz is the recipient of several prestigious awards including the John Hope Franklin Institute Fellowship for 2005-2006; the International Dissertation Field Research Program Award from the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) for 2003-2004; the Mellon Dissertation Fieldwork Award from the Council of Library and Information Resources (CLIR) for 2003-2004; the Dissertation Fieldwork Award from the American Research Institute of Turkey (ARIT) for 2003-2004; as well as a Graduate Fellowship from Duke University for 2000-2005.
Turkyilmaz’s previous degrees include a Master of Arts in Cultural Anthropology from Duke University, North Carolina, a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and International Relations from Boðaziçi University, Istanbul; he also studied in the Masters Program at the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History at Boðaziçi University, Istanbul.
Attached: Open Letter to President Kocharian
For further information and interview requests, please contact
Ozlem Dalkiran at 0532-236 5025 ozlemdalkiran@superonline.com
OPEN LETTER
Robert Kocharian
His Excellency
President of the Republic of Armenia
Your Excellency,
We write to you today to express our grave concern about Yektan Turkyilmaz and his pending trial in
Armenia. Mr. Turkyilmaz is a Ph.D. student at Duke University in the United States. He is a Turkish citizen
who was arrested on June 17, 2005 as he was leaving Armenia. He has been held under high security
conditions at the National Security Service building in Yerevan ever since his arrest. Last week, the request to
release him on bail, accompanied by personal guarantees of a member of the Armenian Parliament and a
prominent Armenian-American historian, was turned down. It now appears that Mr. Turkyilmaz will stand
trial on customs violation charges under Article 215 Paragraph 2 of the Armenian Criminal Code, which
includes a prison sentence of 4 to 8 years.
Mr. President, we the undersigned care deeply about improvements in Armenian-Turkish relations and
consider the unimpeded work of independent scholars to be a sine qua non of vital steps in the right direction.
The way that Mr. Turkyilmaz has been treated is setting a negative precedent.
Yektan Turkyilmaz is fluent in six languages, including Armenian, and has been the first Turkish scholar to
work in the Armenian National Archives. His dissertation research at a leading American university is being
supported by several prestigious awards. We understand that he has been questioned about his research and
theoretical orientations, and the digital copies of his archival research have been confiscated. There can be no
justification for this treatment.
Furthermore, we understand that he is now being charged with attempting to take old books out of Armenia
without permission. We understand that none of the books he had with him were absolutely prohibited from
being taken out of the country, but only required permissions. We are convinced that Mr. Turkyilmaz did not
know about this requirement at the time and would have undoubtedly complied with this requirement as he
has demonstrated to be a serious scholar and a friend of Armenian culture on many occasions. We recognize
that laws have to be applied consistently under rule of law. However, as the investigator in charge of this case
states, the current law places no obligation on the sellers of old books to inform the purchasers that special
permissions will be needed to take the books out of the country, and makes no distinction between violations
involving nuclear weapons and books. While it may be appropriate to impose a fine for the unknowing
violation of customs regulations, prison terms of 4 to 8 years are grossly disproportionate and would send a
deterrent signal to other independent scholars.
The political implications of this arrest cause grave concern. Yektan Turkyilmaz is one of a very few Turkish
scholars who have critically tackled the events of 1915 and other instances of political violence in the first
part of this century. Being the only researcher who can understand Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, Kurdish, and
Armenian at the same time (besides English and French), his research promises to add new dimensions to the
study of a very troubled historical period in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. The fact that he was arrested
soon after he gained access as the first Turkish scholar to the Armenian National Archives adds to these
concerns. The fragile space of dialogue that has recently been opened up between Turkish and Armenian
scholars is put to the risk of being greatly damaged by Turkyilmaz’s prolonged detention. This arrest would
also raise serious doubts as to whether Armenia encourages independent scholarly research on its history.
Mr. President, we respectfully urge you to intervene to ensure that this unfortunate state of affairs comes to a
swift and amicable end. We request the immediate release of Yektan Turkyilmaz and a return of his Ddigital
research material so that he can continue his scholarly activities.
Committee for Solidarity with Yektan Turkyilmaz
1. Taner AKCAM, Visiting Associate Professor of History, University of Minnesota 2. Ayse Gul ALTINAY, Assistant Professor of Cultural Anthropology, Sabanci University 3. Murat BELGE, writer, columnist, and Professor of Comparative Literature, Bilgi University 4. Halil BERKTAY, Professor of History, Sabanci University 5. Oral CALISLAR, writer and columnist, Cumhuriyet Newspaper 6. Özlem DALKIRAN, human rights activist, Peace Initiative 7. Hrant DINK, writer and columnist, Agos Newspaper 8. Fatma Muge GOCEK, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan 9. Etyen MAHCUPYAN, writer, columnist, and Director of the Democratization Program, Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) 10. Orhan PAMUK, writer 11. Taha PARLA, Professor of Political Science, Bogazici University 12. Elif SHAFAK, writer and Assistant Professor of Near East Studies, University of Arizona 13. Ragip ZARAKOLU, writer and publisher, Belge Publishing House Other Signatures: 14. Hulya Adak, Assistant Professor of Comparative Literature, Sabanci University 15. Boghos ADJEMIAN 16. Attiya AHMAD, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 17. Ismet AKCA, Department of Political Science, Bogazici University 18. Ladan AKBARNIA, Department of History of Art and Architecture, Harvard University 19. Aslihan AKISIK, Center for Middle Eastern Studies and the History Department, Harvard University 20. Nebahat AKKOC, Founder, Women’s Center (KA-MER), Diyarbakir 21. Mustafa AKSAKAL, Department of History and Anthropology, Monmouth University 22. Ayhan AKTAR, Professor of Political Science, Marmara University 23. Ericka ALBAUGH, Ph.D., Duke University 24. Anne ALLISON, Chair and Professor, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 25. Ozlem ALTAN, Department of Political Science, New York University 26. Joshua ALTMAN, School of Law, Washington University 27. Margaret Lavinia ANDERSON, Professor of History, University of California-Berkeley 28. Srinivas ARAMAVUDAN, Director, John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute, Duke University 29. Yesim ARAT, Professor of Political Science, Bogazici University 30. Aram ARKUN, Historian, New York City 31. Daniele ARMALEO, Professor of Biology, Duke University 32. Stephan ASTOURIAN, Department of History, University of California, Berkeley 33. Lee D. BAKER, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Duke University 34. Peter BALAKIAN, Professor of English, Colgate University 35. Kevork B. BARDAKJIAN, Director, Armenian Studies Program, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor 36. Banu BARGU, Department of Government, Cornell University 37. Seyhan BAYRAKTAR, Universität Konstanz 38. Ceren BELGE, Department of Political Science, University of Washington 39. Monica Rao BIRADAVOLU, Researcher, Yale University 40. Nur Banu Kavakli BIRDAL, Department of Sociology, University of Southern California 41. Kalman P. BLAND, Professor of Religion, Duke University 42. Donald BLOXHAM, Professor of Twentieth Century History, University of Edinburgh, UK 43. Mary T. BOATWRIGHT, Professor of Ancient History, Duke University 44. Paul BOGHOSSIAN, Professor of Philosophy, New York University 45. Jack BOOKMAN, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Duke University 46. Craig BOROWIAK, Assistant Professor, Haverford College 47. Sumantra BOSE, Reader in Comparative Politics, London School of Economics 48. Donna Marchigiani BOYD, Franklin Humanities Center, Duke University 49. Ninita BROWN, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University 50. Peter BURIAN, Professor of Classical and Comparative Literatures, and Chair, Department of Classical Studies, Duke University 51. Koray CALISKAN, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Bogazici University 52. Tina CAMPT, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies, Duke University 53. Celeste CASTILLO LEE, Administrative Manager for Interdisciplinary Programs, Duke University 54. Claiborne M. CLARK, Television Producer/Director, Duke University Medical Center 55. Richard COLLIER, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 56. Rui M. COSTA, Researcher, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center 57. Sara CRAVEN, Director, Duke Institute for Learning in Retirement 58. Vahakn N. DADRIAN, Professor of History, Member of the Academia of Sciences of Armenia, and Director of Genocide Research, Zoryan Institute 59. Andrew DAVISON, Associate Professor of Political Science, Vassar College 60. Heather DEAN, GPSC Community Affairs Coordinator, Duke University 61. Georgi M. DERLUGUIAN, Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University 62. Bedross Der MATOSSIAN, Department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures, Columbia University 63. Daniel Der VARTARIAN, Chair, Division of Biological Sciences & Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia 64. Brant DOWNES, Department of History, Stanford University 65. Fuat DUNDAR, Ph.D., EHESS, Paris 66. Raymond DUVALL, Professor of Political Science, University of Minnesota 67. Anita EARLS, Director of Advocacy, UNC Center for Civil Rights 68. Alp EDEN, Professor of Economics, Bogazici University 69. Edhem ELDEM, Professor of History, Bogazici University 70. Patrick ELLIOT, Senior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 71. Shawki EL-ZATMAH, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles 72. Brad EPPERLY, Department of Political Science, University of Washington 73. Ayda ERBAL, Department of Politics, New York University 74. Sumru ERKUT, Associate Director and Senior Research Scientist, Wellesley College 75. Rose ERNST, Department of Political Science, University of Washington 76. Arturo ESCOBAR, Professor of Anthropology and and Director, Insitute of Latin American Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 77. Alexandra EURDOLIAN, alumn, Duke University 78. Katherine EWING, Associate Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Religion, Duke University 79. Peter B. FAYROIAN, Head of School, Greenhills School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 80. Stephen FEINSTEIN, Director, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota 81. Andrew FINKEL, journalist and Fellow at the National Endowment for Democracy 82. Caroline FINKEL, historian 83. Kostas FOTIADIS, Professor of History, Aristotle University 84. John D. FRENCH, Associate Professor of History, Duke University 85. Wil GAFNEY, Assistant Professor of Hebrew Scripture and Homiletics, Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia 86. Mark D. GAVOOR, Connecticut 87. David GAUNT, Professor of History, Södertörn University College, Stockholm 88. Eleftherios GKIOULEKAS, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington 89. Ellis GOLDBERG, Professor of Political Science and Director, the Middle East Center, the Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington 90. Laura GRATTAN, Department of Political Science, Duke University 91. Lila Ellen GRAY, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 92. David GREENBERG, Sociology Department, New York University 93. Sara GRONEWOLD, John Hope Franklin Center, Duke University 94. Asli GUR, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan 95. Malachi Haim HACOHEN, Fred W. Shaffer Associate Professor of History, Duke University 96. Edgar HAGOPIAN 97. Bradley A. HAMMER, Mellon Lecturing Fellow, Duke University 98. Roger HEACOCK, Professor of History, Birzeit University 99. Danny HOFFMAN, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Washington 100. Amy HOLMES, Department of Sociology, John Hopkins University 101. Tara HOPKINS, Director of Civic Involvement Projects, Sabanci University 102. Donald L. HOROWITZ, James B. Duke Professor of Law and Political Science, Duke University 103. Hassan HUSSAIN, Islamic Studies, University of California, Los Angeles 104. Arda IBIKOGLU, Department of Political Science, University of Washington 105. Masamichi INOUE, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Kentucky 106. Gurol IRZIK, Professor of Philosophy, Bogazici University 107. Sibel IRZIK, Professor of Comparative Literature, Sabanci University 108. Richard M. JAFFE, Associate Professor of Buddhist Studies, Department of Religion, Duke University 109. Heather JENSEN-RODRIGUEZ, Harvard University 110. Elisabeth JEZIERSKI, activist, North Carolina 111. Tanya JISA, Program Coordinator, Continuing Medical Education, Duke University 112. Wim JURG, writer, Netherlands 113. Ayse KADIOGLU, Associate Professor of Political Science, Sabanci University 114. Hasan Bulent KAHRAMAN, Sabanci University 115. Ismail KAPLAN, Assistant Professor, Bogazici University 116. Aisha KARIM, Assistant Professor of Literature, Saint Xavier University 117. Terry KARL, Professor of Political Science, Stanford University 118. Sarah KAUFMAN, Department of Sociology, New York University 119. Anthony M. KELLEY, Assistant Professor of Composition, Duke University 120. Judith KELLEY, Assistant Professor of Public Policy and Political Science, Duke University 121. Michael D. KENNEDY, Professor of Sociology, Director, Center for Russian and East European Studies, European Union Center, Center for European Studies, University of Michigan 122. Kassandra KERSTING, Peace Activist, Sequim, WA 123. Anahid KESHISHIAN, Lecturer, University of California, Los Angeles 124. Alisa KESSEL, Department of Political Science, Duke University 125. Elizabeth KIER, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Washington 126. Hans-Lukas KIESER, Associate Professor of History, University of Zurich. 127. Ohannes KILICDAGI, Department of Sociology, Bilgi University 128. Seth KINCAID JOLLY, Department of Political Science Duke University 129. Elizabeth KISS, Director, Kenan Institute for Ethics, Associate Professor of the Practice of Political Science and Philosophy, Duke University 130. Burcak Keskin KOZAT, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 131. Karen KRAHULIK, Ph.D., Women’s Studies, Duke University 132. Bruce R. KUNIHOLM, Director, Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Chair, Department of Public Policy, and Professor of Public Policy and History, Duke University 133. Ahmet T. KURU, Department of Political Science, University of Washington 134. Charles KURZMAN, Associate Professor of Sociology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 135. Tuna KUYUCU, Department of Sociology, University of Washington 136. Gonzalo LAMANA, Assistant Professor of Hispanic Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh 137. Katherine LAMBERT-PENNINGTON, Ph.D, Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 138. Carrie LEVESQUE, Lecturer, Department of German and Russian, University of North Carolina, Greensboro 139. Margaret LEVI, Jere L. Bacharach Professor of International Studies, University of Washington, and Chair of American Political Science Association 140. Gerard J. LIBARIDIAN, Professor of History, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 141. Karen LITFIN, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Washington 142. Ralph LITZINGER, Associate Professor of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 143. Victoria A. LODEWICK, Ph.D., Director, University Scholars Program 144. Gabriella LUKACS, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh 145. Beral MADRA, art critic, curator, and President, AICA Turkey 146. Fanis MALKIDIS, Lecturer, Department of History, University of Thrace 147. Christopher MARTIN, Harris School of Public Policy University of Chicago 148. Jamie MAYERFELD, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Washington 149. Rela MAZALI, writer, Israel 150. Andrew MBUVI, Department of Religion, Duke University 151. Louise MEINTJES, Associate Professor of Music and Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 152. James MELIKIAN, Arizona 153. Robert MELSON, Professor of Political Science, Purdue University 154. Jonathan MERCER, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Washington 155. Gokhan MERGEN, Senior Systems Engineer, Qualcomm. Inc. 156. Allison A. MEYER, Department of Public Policy, University of Minnesota 157. Nikolaos MICHAILIDES, Department of Cultural Anthropology, York University 158. Fatma MINDIKOGLU, Department of Communication, University of California, San Diego 159. Kevin MORRISON, Department of Political Science, Duke University 160. Lesa B. MORRISON, Visiting Scholar of Political Science, Duke University 161. Cary MOSKOVITZ, Interim Director of Writing in the Disciplines, Duke University 162. Norman M. NAIMARK, Professor of History, Stanford University 163. Baskýn ORAN, Professor of Political Science, Ankara University 164. Semsa OZAR, Associate Professor of Economics, Bogazici University 165. Sumru OZSOY Professor of Linguistics, Bogazici University 166. Nuran OVUR, Retired, Turkish Fertilizer Industry Co. 167. Murat PAKER, Assistant Professor and Director, Program in Clinical Psychology, Bilgi University 168. Sevket PAMUK, Professor of Economics, Bogazici University 169. Grant PARKER, Assistant Professor of Classical Studies and History, Duke University 170. Ayse PARLA, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Sabanci University 171. Dennis R. PAPAZIAN, Professor of History and Director, Armenian Research Center, The University of Michigan-Dearborn 172. Michael PAPAZIAN, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Berry College 173. Charlie PIOT, Creed C. Black Associate Professor, Duke University 174. Steven RAMEY, Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina at Pembroke 175. Erica RAPPORT, Ph.D, Duke University 176. William M. REDDY, William T. Laprade Professor of History, Duke University 177. Sidarta RIBEIRO, Ph.D. Pew Latin American Fellow, Duke University Medical Center 178. Stephane ROBOLIN, Visiting Lecturer in English, Rutgers University 179. John SANTOIANNI, Ethel Sieck Carrabina Curator, Organs and Harpsichords, Duke University Chapel 180. Ara SARAFIAN, historian and Director, Taderon Press and Founding Director, the Gomidas Institute 181. K.M. (Greg) SARKISSIAN, President, Zoryan Institute 182. Kent F. SCHULL, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles 183. Harout H. SEMERDJIAN, Research Associate, Harvard University-Kennedy School of Government 184. Nona SHAHNAZARIAN, Anthropologist, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, South Russia 185. Stephen SHEPHERD, Platt Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University 186. George SHIRINIAN, Director, Zoryan Institute 187. Evie SHOCKLEY, Assistant Professor of English, Rutgers University 188. Irene SILVERBLATT, Professor of Cultural Anthropology and History, Duke University 189. Hovann SIMONIAN, Department of Political Science, University of Southern California 190. Birsen SIRKECI-MERGEN, Cornell University 191. Aksin SOMEL, Associate Professor of History, Sabanci University 192. Orin STARN, Sally Dalton Robinson Professor of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 193. Pamela STUMPO, Department of Political Science, University of Washington 194. Margarita SUAREZ, Assistant Professor of Religion, Meredith College 195. Ariana SUTTON-GRIER, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University 196. Rebecca Luna STEIN, Assistant Professor of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 197. Virginia STEINMETZ, Ph.D., Assistant Director for Graduate Students, Duke University 198. Ronald Grigor SUNY, Professor of Political Science and History, The University of Chicago 199. Kenneth SURIN, Professor of Literature, Religion and Critical Theory, and Director, Duke University Center for European Studies 200. Betul TANBAY, Professor of Mathematics, Bogazici University 201. Hratch TCHILINGIRIAN, Eurasia Programme, University of Cambridge 202. Gunes Murat TEZCUR, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Loyola University Chicago 203. Aaron C. THORNBURG, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 204. Susan THORNE, Department of History, Duke University 205. John TORPEY, Professor of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia 206. Zeynep TURKYILMAZ, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles 207. H.Fatih UGURDAG, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering, Bahcesehir University 208. Kristi UPSON-SAIA, Department of Religion, Duke University 209. Pinar UYAN, Assistant Professor of International Relations, Bilgi University 210. Banu Nilgun UYGUN, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 211. Netta van VLIET, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 212. Willem van VLIET, Professor of Environmental Design, University of Colorado 213. Margot WEISS, Visiting Instructor of Anthropology, Sweet Briar College 214. Eric D. WEITZ, Professor of History, Arsham and Charlotte Ohanessian Chair in the College of Liberal Arts, and Director, Center for German and European Studies, University of Minnesota 215. Anne WESTON, Divinity School, Duke University 216. Anne Mitchell WHISNANT, Acting Associate Director, John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute, Duke University 217. David E. WHISNANT, Professor (retired), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 218. Amy WILSON, Department of Political Science, University of Washington 219. Cord WHITAKER, Department of English, Duke University 220. Wendy WOLFORD, Fellow, Program in Agrarian Studies, Yale University 221. Elena YAZYKOVA, artist and Gallery Director, Roza Azora, Moscow 222. Caroline YEZER, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Duke University 223. Gunes YUCEL, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center 224. Oliver ZIEGLER, Free University, Berlin 225. Erik Jan ZURCHER, Professor of History, Leiden University For the Committee for Solidarity with Yektan Turkyilmaz, please contact: Ayse Gul Altinay altinay@sabanciuniv.edu Ozlem Dalkiran ozlemdalkiran@superonline.com
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